Students' shyness and affective teacher-student relationships in upper elementary schools: A cross-cultural comparison

Students' shyness was found to harm teacher-student relationship quality in Western contexts, whereas less is known about how associated with relationships Eastern contexts. The present study therefore examined cultural differences the association between students' and affective teacher–student Netherlands China. Dutch sample included 789 third sixth grade students 35 teachers, Chinese consisted of 587 graders 14 teachers. Students reported their own levels both teachers mutual relationships. Multilevel regression analysis showed that student-reported closeness more conflict countries; these associations were stronger than sample. In countries, teacher-reported but not conflict; no difference associations. Possible explanations implications are discussed.